I t is not uncommon to hear in the lodge phrases such as: “We must tend towards the egregore” or “we have achieved the egregore”; as a goal and as a state the “egregore” appears desirable… It commonly designates a particular moment generally marked by a powerful collective emotion or even a state of satisfaction imbued with general serenity, the fraternal union which brings together the members of a lodge, when it is not more flatly a quasi-synonym of “good atmosphere”…
1
2Until the first third of the 20th century , there is no mention of the word egregore in Masonic literature; it appears only recently and remains an exclusively French or French-speaking affair.
3Today the best study on egregores is that of Raymond Devis
[1] . One of the great merits of this text is to retrace in detail the history of the concept and its transmission to Masonry by a chain of authors starting with Eliphas Lévi and ending with Jules Boucher. It is moreover from
La Symbolique Masonique by Jules Boucher that we will borrow this first definition as a necessary reminder:
4
“We call egregore an entity, a collective being, resulting from an assembly; any assembly of individuals forms an egregore. There is an egregore for each religion and this egregore is powerful with all the strength of the faithful accumulated over the centuries; Similarly, for the FM, each lodge has its own egregore; each obedience has its own and the meeting of all these egregores forms the great Masonic egregore”.
Why this strange name?
5Egrégore comes from the Greek égrêgoros, plural égrêgoroi, which simply means watchman, and the verb égrêgorein translates logically to watch, to be awake. But who watches what?
6The term egregoros-watchman would designate in the Greek versions of the Old and New Testament writings of the angels,
"those who do not sleep and who guard the throne of his glory" or those "
who are always awake in the service of God ".
7The special fortune of this word comes from the book of Enoch, a pseudepigraphic writing of the Old Testament attributed to Enoch, great-grandfather of Noah. Its composition is estimated at the III rdcentury BC. The original Aramaic version was considered lost until parts of it were found at Qumran in 1947 among the Dead Sea Scrolls. It will be translated into Greek, Latin, Slavonic and Ethiopian. Rejected by the Jews and officially removed from the canonical books around 364 during the Council of Laodicea (canon 60), it has since been considered apocryphal by the other Christian Churches. But it is part of the Old Testament canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and it was the Scotsman James Bruce who brought three copies from Ethiopia to Britain in 1773, and to this day the Ethiopian version is the most complete.
8Some passages in Greek were published in 1606, (fragments preserved by George Syncellus in the 9th century ), but it is above all Cedrenus in the 11th century which gives the name of egregores,
as a proper name, without translating it into Latin by “vigili” in its Latin version of the Greek text, to the angels who descend on Mount Hermon to unite with the daughters of men whom they found beautiful… But who are these egregores?
9Nothing less than fallen angels, two hundred in number and under the leadership of Azazel or Semiaza depending on the version and who, not content to unite with women who will have children who will become the Giants, teach all kinds of knowledge harmful to humans.
There is no filiation between the biblical legend and Masonry
10So much for the word and its biblical context, but what about Masonry? In fact, nothing, and the idea of such “Faustian” and “Prome-Thean” sponsorship of the Masonic egregore must be abandoned, which some will no doubt regret, but one can imagine what a Taxil would have extrapolated from such a legendary filiation… If the 19th century is that of industry, of the railway, the century of Darwin and Marx, that of the figure of the inventor and the scientist as demiurge and priest of progress is also that of romanticism, spiritualism, Madame Blavatsky and the occult...
11It is in this context that the egregores reappear and it will be in the works of Eliphas Lévi (1810-1875), whose real name is Alphonse-louis Constant, who has been described as “renovator of occultism” and to which we even attribute the paternity of this neologism.
12It is in a posthumous work, written around 1869-1870,
“The Book of Splendours” that he writes:
“Now the book of Enoch tells us that there were Egregores, that is to say geniuses who never sleep” .
13
“What in our previous works we have called larvae and vampires, coagulations and unhealthy projections of the astral light, would in reality, according to the book of Enoch, be hybrid and monstrous souls formed from the commerce of the Egregores with the prostitutes of the old world; the souls of the giants exterminated by the deluge, from the morbid exhalations of the earth and the drool of the serpent Python”.
14Then in “Le Grand Arcane”, published in 1898:
(…)
15
“The Arabs, poetic conservatives of the Primitive traditions of the East, still believe in these gigantic geniuses. There are whites and blacks, the blacks are evil and are called the Afrites. Mahomet kept these geniuses and made them into angels so big that the wind from their wings sweeps the worlds in space. We confess that we do not like this infinite multitude of intermediary beings who hide God from us and seem to make him useless… We have billions of gods to overcome or bend without ever being able to arrive at freedom and peace. This is why we definitely reject the egregore mythology. Here we breathe deeply and we wipe our foreheads like a man after a painful dream”.
16Further on he ends:
“The real eggregores, that is to say the night watchmen, in whom we like to believe, are the stars of the sky with their ever-sparkling eyes… We also like to think that each people has its protective angel or his genius … All this is. possible though doubtful and may serve the hypotheses of astrology or the fictions of the epic…”
17“If it were necessary to admit their existence…”, “possible although doubtful” are formulas which betray a very skeptical magician, but above all nothing which can come close to any collective entity in the sense given by Jules Boucher; and note the rejection of “intermediaries” between God and man, Lévi always wanted to be faithful to the Catholic faith.
A being that evokes the Golem
18It is to another outstanding personality of occultism, Saint-Yves d'Alveydre (1842-1909) that he will write this in his “Mission of the Jews”:
19
"
Once man has impregnated with his will certain elements of the invisible order, when he has conceived, willed, created not only a visible power, but without knowing it a potential, occult, evoked Being, manifesting himself by Institutions, the latter does not die without having lived, and, if it is instinctive and passionate, it lives by destroying. It fights and devours, in the invisible order as well as in the visible, the other collective beings of this earth; he drinks blood, he feeds on the flesh of their limbs (…). Now if it is relatively easy to create or to arouse instinctive powers, destructive dominations, it is almost impossible to erase them from the biology of the earth and from its primitive substance, unless there is a deluge”.
20We have here the idea of a creation “in the invisible” by man of a being, moreover, quite problematic in its behavior which evokes that of the golem, but Saint-Yves does not give it any name.
21It was finally Stanislas de Guaïta (1861-1897), the founder of the Kabbalistic Order of the Rose-Croix, friend of Barrès, Papus (who considered Saint-Yves as his “intellectual master”) and Péladan, who published in “
The Key to Black Magic” (1897) the following passages which will take up the ideas of Saint-Yves d'Alveydre, in a less obscure form, and where the word egregore finally appears in its new meaning:
22
“
It should be enough for us to sketch here what often fortuitous combinations giving rise to collective beings, more or less ephemeral or durable, - kinds of living syntheses, results of the grouping of several individuals, under the required conditions” .
“It is thus that, in the political or social or religious order, millions of men, hierarchically organized, for so many centuries, under the level of an inflexible rule, have been able to create – conscious or not of their work in the invisible – virtual beings, collective entities, in a word, prosperous or harmful Dominations, of an equally incalculable power and duration”. (…)
“The magic chain is a sure way to create collective potentials that nothing can resist”.
(…)
“We recall for memory the sovereignty deployed by collective beings , which we have qualified as egregores”.
It was Oswald Wirth who transmitted to Freemasonry the concept
23Oswald Wirth, (1865-1943) who was a famous mason, author in particular of the "Books of the Apprentice", "of the Companion" and "of the Master", was in his youth the secretary and the disciple of Stanislas de Guaïta and remained his friend until his death. Occultist, creator of a tarot deck and magnetizer, he is the first specifically Masonic link in the chain which transmitted to French Freemasonry the concept of egregore. Thus in “the book of the Master”:
24
“Should we trace back to the Logos of Plato, to his Great Architect or Demiurge, the Light which gradually enlightens the initiated? More modestly we can stop at the one that the Masons call their Master Hiram. But how do we represent this mysterious entity?
“Far from being a character, he is a personification. But from whom? Of initiatory Thought, of this set of ideas which survive, even though no brain is any longer capable of vibrating under their influence. What is precious does not die and subsists as if in a latent state, until the day when the possibilities of manifestation are offered”. (…)
“… The pentacular virtue resides in the idea, the feelings of energy or the state of mind that the image evokes… But what about an invisible pentacle, traced by a lifetime of effort put in the service of a higher ideal? It is no longer a question here of childishness and grimoire, but of the reinforcement of the secret power of the Initiates… ” (…)
“The true Initiate tends to concentrate on himself the diffuse energies of a vast environment; he thus disposes in a very real way, of an unlimited power, coming from the gods, in the initiatory sense of the word. The Mason, who has devoted himself with all his intelligence and with all his heart to the execution of the plan of the Supreme Architect, can accomplish a work far superior to his personal means: he is not alone, for with all the energies stimulated by the same good will unite with him. The Chain of Union is effective for any sincere adept, who, having achieved balance, receives insofar as he gives, benefiting from the current he has been able to establish by transmitting it”.
25Let us note in passing that the Chain of union appears as the rite allowing, in a way, to “connect” to the egregore… Even if Wirth does not use the word, he describes it as current, which is undoubtedly normal for a magnetizer practicing the laying on of hands.
Jules Boucher ensured the dissuasion of the concept in French masonry
26Symbolist, occultist and Freemason, disciple of Oswald Wirth and continuator of the work of his master, Marius Lepage (1901-1972) was, more or less, for Oswald Wirth what the latter was for Stanislas de Guaita, whose he will also ensure the edition of his unfinished manuscript and completed by Wirth, “The problem of Evil”…
27It was during the year 1935 that the first Masonic article appeared in the magazine
“Le symbolisme” in which the word égrégore was associated with the concept of collective entity and it is from this article that Jules Boucher (1902- 1955) for writing his note on the egregore cited above. The successive reissues of “Masonic Symbolism” which was a classic for a long time, it was commonly said “the Butcher”, undoubtedly played a major role in the massive diffusion of the egregore in the “vernacular” vocabulary of French Masonry.
28For the one who was Grand Master of Memphis-Misraïm and who prefaced the first edition (1942) of Jules Boucher's "Manual of Practical Magic", the occultist Robert Ambelain (1907-1997), the egregore is described in his Practical Kabbalah as
“A force generated by a powerful spiritual current and then fed at regular intervals, according to a rhythm in harmony with the universal Life of the Cosmos, or to a meeting of entities united by a common character. In the invisible outside the physical perception of man, exist artificial beings, engendered by devotion, enthusiasm, fanaticism, which are called egregores”.
29After the innoculation of such a viral agent, “rationalist” reactions were to follow, but paradoxically the name was kept and this is how Edmond Gloton wrote in his “Masonic Instructions to Companions” published in 1948:
30
“The meeting of masons in their temple, assembled for a common purpose, creates an esprit de corps…The favorable, propitious state which reigns over masonry work is in no way supernatural, it is entirely due to our methods, to our symbolism, to our freely consented discipline, and to the tolerance which we have been taught…”. “We do not appeal, we do not seek the assistance of any extra-human form, we do not invoke any spirit, we do not resort to any act of magic”.
31At this stage it is good to quote the definition given by the “Grand Dictionnaire Encyclopédique” Larousse (1983):
32
EGREGORE: - male name - (in occultism) angels present on Mount Hermon. (Egregores were introduced into occultism by Stanislas de Guaita to personify non-supernatural physical or psychophysical forces into forms of collective beings).
33This definition (which does not cite masonry as the natural environment of egregores) puts its finger on the thorny question of their problematic nature: “physical, psychophysical, and not supernatural…”.
34Indeed, many occultists of the Guaïta-Papus group also wanted to be scientific in spirit and aspired to uncover the occult. Their era is also that of the experiences of exteriorization of sensitivity conducted by Colonel de Rochas in the laboratories of the Ecole Polytechnique.
35For them it is not a question of spiritual entities like angels but rather of “forces”, of “currents” of “energies” certainly hidden but coming under physics more than metaphysics. It can be subtle states of matter, like particles or rays, vibrations. We may be in magic, surely in parapsychology, but we do not rise in the empyrean, and especially not beyond. Nevertheless, accepting the occultist idea of the egregore amounts to concretely considering thought as a kind of “fluid” secreted by the brain. Everything would happen as if it were formed of real substance animated by a movement of its own but which could be directed, for only in this way could it be considered as an acting force outside of the person issuing it.
Guénon saw in the egregore a confusion of the psychic and the spiritual.
36We readily admit that there is at the very least cause for confusion, or outright rejection.
37And this is what was to motivate the reaction of René Guénon (1886-1952) who published in 1947 in “
Traditional Studies ” an article entitled “
Spiritual and Egregore Influences ”. Guénon saw in the egregore an opportunity to confuse the psychic and the spiritual. He also rejects the word as a "
fantasy " of occultism and in passing executes the so-called Latin etymology "ex-gregis", without denying the existence of the collective entities to which he wishes to assign what he considers to be their true place:
38
“We can look at each community as having a subtle force of order constituted in some way by the contributions of all its past and present members, and which, consequently, is all the more considerable and likely to produce effects of all the more intense as the collectivity is older and is made up of a greater number of members (…). We will recall, moreover, in this connection, that the collective, in all that constitutes it, psychically as well as bodily, is nothing other than a simple extension of the individual, and that, consequently, it does not there is absolutely nothing transcendent compared to this one,
“The initiatory attachment should therefore not be conceived as the attachment to an “egregore” or to a collective psychic entity, because this is in any case only a completely accidental aspect, and by which the initiatic organizations no different from exoteric organizations; what essentially constitutes the “chain” is, let us repeat it again, the uninterrupted transmission of the spiritual influence through the successive generations [of initiate]” .
39Analogous conceptions regarding the power of thought are evoked by Alexandra David-Néel (1868-1969) in
Initiations lamaïques :
40
“The beings evoked by the doubpapo [the practitioner of the rite] are not just any creations of his imagination but always well-known personalities from the world of gods or demons, who have been venerated or propitiated for centuries by millions of believers ”. (…)
“According to the Tibetan occultists, these beings have acquired a kind of real existence due to the innumerable thoughts that have been concentrated on them.” (…) By identifying with them, the doubpapo puts himself in communication with an accumulation of energy far superior to that which he could generate by his own means” (…)
“Although existing in a state of latent force, the god created and nourished by the imagination of the crowds has no action except on those who put themselves in contact with him; A wire is necessary for the electricity dormant in an accumulator to cause the light to spring into the lamp. This comparison applies quite exactly to the idea of the Thibetians”.
41And, we will add, to that of the French occultists… Be that as it may, the fact remains that this strange notion appears as the shadow cast in the troubled and disturbing domain of occultism by a social concern which appeared in the 19th century. th century and which continued throughout the 20th century until today. Two centuries which, starting from the industrial revolution, were those of the great human masses, in the growing cities, in the factories, in the crowds of emigrants for America, the colonies, in the revolutions and the national struggles, in dantesque conflicts and mass massacres… or in mass distractions relayed by what will be called the mass media.
42It was normal that other than occultists should come to be interested in collectivities and their life as conscious or unconscious collectivities, and their dynamics...
Le Bon defines the notion of organized crowd, or psychological crowd
43The notion of collective consciousness refers to beliefs and behaviors shared in a community and functioning as a separate and generally dominant force in relation to individual consciousness. The expression was first used by the sociologist Émile Durkheim (1858-1917) in several of his works, including
The Rules of the Sociological Method .
44In
The Psychology of Crowds (1895) Gustave Le Bon defines the crowd by these terms:
“A meeting of any individuals, whatever their nationality, their profession or their sex, whatever the chances that bring them together”. Le Bon then says that when these individuals come together,
“a collective soul is formed, transitory no doubt, but presenting very clear characteristics. The collectivity then becomes what, for lack of a better expression, I will call an organized crowd, or, if you prefer, a psychological crowd. It forms a single being and is subject to the law of the mental unity of crowds”.
45The egregore would undoubtedly have irritated Freud (1856-1939), who criticized the expression of a "soul of the crowd" in "The analysis of the self and the psychology of crowds", and asserted that the unconscious is individual, and that the formation of crowds could be explained by psychoanalysis, without having to distinguish it from a collective psychology.
46
47The legal theorist Hans Kelsen (1881-1973) reiterated this criticism, including the Hegelian notion of Volkgeist (Spirit of the people) in “
The notion of the State and the psychology of crowds” by asserting that it was about 'a hypostasis of inter-individual relations, the terms of his criticism are interesting when it comes to us:
48
“It is as if, in addition to the singular soul, we wanted to take into account a collective soul filling the interval between individuals, encompassing all individuals (…) thought in its ultimate consequences – of the fact that a soul without a body is empirically impossible – this representation necessarily leads to imagining in turn a collective body just as different from the individual bodies, in which we place the collective soul. It is through this bias that psychological sociology is led to the hypostasis which characterizes the theory of so-called organic society, a hypostasis which borders on the mythological.
49Kelsen turns out to be a positivist in his criticism of social psychology, but one can admit that a “hypostasis bordering on the mythological” would be a fairly good alternative definition of the egregore…
50Closer to home, we will borrow from the book by René Kaës The group and the subject of the group a quote from the psychoanalyst Didier Anzieu:
51
“A group is an envelope that holds individuals together; As long as this envelope is not constituted, there can be a human aggregate, there is no group.
What is this envelope? Sociologists who have studied groups, the administrators who have managed them, the founders who have created them, emphasize the network of implicit or explicit regulations, established customs, rites, acts and facts having value of jurisprudence, on the assignments of place within the group, on the particularities of the language spoken between the members and known only to them. (…) Reduced to its frame, the group envelope is a system of rules, the one that operates for example in any seminary, religious or psycho-sociological. From this point of view, all group life is caught up in a symbolic framework: it is this that makes it last. This, however, is a necessary but not sufficient condition. A group where the psychic life is dead can also survive. From its envelope,Certainly
“the group envelope” concerns any well-structured group, and does not describe the essence of an initiatory order, Guénon would write that one does not leave the domain of the psychic, but this text clearly describes the difference between a “crowd ” à la Le Bon and a “group” inscribed in a continuity.
Pierre Mabille codifies the surrealist contribution, synthesis of Marx and psychoanalysis
52We know the taste of the surrealists for the occult, and especially alchemy, as much as for Marx and psychoanalysis. Some have succeeded in synthesis as in transmutation. It was up to Pierre Mabille (1904-1952) to write a book unique in its subject matter, in its clear and elegant prose which serves up a tight but luminous discourse.
Egregores or the life of civilizations appeared in 1938, and the ethnologist Luc de Heusch in his youth had made it his bedside book.
53
He writes: “
This [my position] is entirely realistic in the old sense of the word. Against the complicated, negative, agnostic doctrines of contemporary philosophy, I have chosen the simplest altitude. I hold thought as part of the general cosmic reality, our representation as the testimony of objects, ideas as existing in things. The brain is for me the agent destined to laboriously extract ideas from images in the same way as other parts of the body transform water, air, food into our living flesh which cooperates in the universal movement of evolution of things .
Consequently, social structures, although they cannot be perceived directly, seem to me not creations of our mind but existing entities, which does not prejudge their duration or their possible transformation”. (…)
“I call egregore, a word used in the past by the hermeticists, [We have seen what was the case with the “old” hermeticists] the human group endowed with a personality different from that of the individuals who form it. Although studies on this subject have always been either confused or kept secret, I believe it is possible to know the circumstances necessary for their formation. I immediately indicate that the indispensable condition, although insufficient, resides in a powerful emotional shock. To use the chemical vocabulary, I say that synthesis requires an intense energetic action. The simplest egregore is created between a man and a woman. Certainly these two beings can only mingle and keep their personal lives intact)” (…)
“Anatomy, physiology, the psychological novel taken in isolation do not exhaust the reality of man any more than partial sociological analyzes are satisfactory. Describing the importance of complex economic relationships or the value of sentimental motives are necessary tasks, but even more essential is the perception of the living unity that constitutes the social group. Among these multiple egregores, those which have the longest duration are civilizations”.
54We will let the poet Max Jacob conclude this panorama with these appropriate verses:
55
“The egregores are beings from the sky or elsewhere, more material than the gestures of dreams and more immaterial than the protozoa ”
[2]
Ratings
- [1]
Raymond Devise. A curious enigma: Biblical egregores and Masonic egregores. Works of the Villard de Honnecourt Lodge, Volumes XII and Volume XIV, Dervy, Paris, 1974 and 1978.
- [2]
“The three egregores” in “Poems in verse”.