[http]://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_intoxicationBody fluids contain electrolytes (particularly sodium compounds, such as sodium chloride) in concentrations that must be held within very narrow limits. Water enters the body orally or intravenously and leaves the body primarily in urine, sweat, and exhaled water vapor. If water enters the body more quickly than it can be removed, body fluids are diluted and a potentially dangerous shift in electrolyte balance occurs.
Most water intoxication is caused by hyponatremia, an overdilution of sodium in the blood plasma, which in turn causes an osmotic shift of water from extracellular fluid (outside of cells) to intracellular fluid (within cells). The cells swell as a result of changes in osmotic pressure and may cease to function. When this occurs in the cells of the central nervous system and brain, water intoxication is the result. Additionally, many other cells in the body may undergo cytolysis, wherein cell membranes that are unable to stand abnormal osmotic pressures rupture, killing the cells. Initial symptoms typically include light-headedness, sometimes accompanied by nausea, vomiting, headache and/or malaise. Plasma sodium levels below 100 mmol/L (2.3g/L) frequently result in cerebral edema, seizures, coma, and death within a few hours of drinking the excess water. As with alcohol poisoning, the progression from mild to severe symptoms may occur rapidly as the water continues to enter the body from the intestines or intravenously.
A person with two healthy kidneys can excrete about 900ml (0.24 gal)/hr.[2] Consuming as little as 1.8 litres of water (0.48 gal) in a single sitting may prove fatal for a person adhering to a low-sodium diet, or 3 litres (0.79 gallons) for a person on a normal diet. However, this must be modulated by potential water losses via other routes. For example, a person who is perspiring heavily may lose 1 L/hr (0.26 gal) of water through perspiration alone, thereby raising the threshold for water intoxication. The problem is further complicated by the amount of electrolytes lost in urine or sweat, which is variable within a range controlled by the body's regulatory mechanisms.
Water intoxication can be prevented by consuming water that is isotonic with water losses, but the exact concentration of electrolytes required is difficult to determine and fluctuates over time, and the greater the time period involved, the smaller the disparity that may suffice to produce electrolyte imbalance and water intoxication.
Sodium is not the only mineral that can become overdiluted from excessive water intake. Magnesium is also excreted in urine. According to the National Institutes of Health, "magnesium deficiency can cause metabolic changes that may contribute to heart attacks and strokes."[3] Intravenous magnesium is used in cardiac care units for cardiac arrhythmias.[4]
In this instance, it seems they are telling us that water is dangerous, but yet we know people all over the planet will sit down and drink a six pack of beer or other liquid product, and do it in less than an hour and they all survive the incident. So they didn’t instantly kick over because beer is safer than water? I don’t get it.A person with two healthy kidneys can excrete about 900ml (0.24 gal)/hr.[2] Consuming as little as 1.8 litres of water (0.48 gal) in a single sitting may prove fatal for a person adhering to a low-sodium diet, or 3 litres (0.79 gallons) for a person on a normal diet.
1. A person drinking a six pack is IMO on a "normal diet". So according to the text above, he can drink up to 3 litre in one take.
6 x 0.33l= 1.98l, so no problem here, except the person will be very drunk and of course why would someone want to do this?
2. A six pack is not even normal water. It may be even less dangerous than normal water, depending on its contents of salts and minerals.
3. So a sure way to get in trouble is to drink a bottle of distilled water, pure water H2O without any salts and minerals. Normally used for car batteries or irons. Something you shouldn't do.
We now have another treatment and this one is for water. Also, Wiki said this in the link [1].Treatment for drinking excess water is "relatively straightforward", says Professor Forrest. It includes giving patients diuretics to help decrease their water load, or using drugs to reduce the swelling caused by excessive water.
Why do some people show no symptoms at all?The official name for this condition is hyponatremia. The symptoms generally mirror those of dehydration (apathy, confusion, nausea, and fatigue), although some individuals show no symptoms at all. If untreated, hyponatremia can lead to coma and even death.
It seems we’re being told without proper water intake you risk another disorder. There is a disorder around every corner.Note that overconsumption of sodium (in drinks or also in food), as well as inadequate intake of water, can cause hypernatremia, a disorder that is nearly the opposite of water intoxication and equally dangerous. Improper use of salt tablets can cause hypernatremia also.
There are two body systems at work here (the liver which metabolises alcohol - as well as other things - and the kidneys which excretes water, electrolytes and all other water soluable 'stuff' some of which has already been processed by the liver).OCKHAM said:In this instance, it seems they are telling us that water is dangerous, but yet we know people all over the planet will sit down and drink a six pack of beer or other liquid product, and do it in less than an hour and they all survive the incident. So they didn’t instantly kick over because beer is safer than water? I don’t get it.
Don't you find this contradictory?
I don't know, but usually Drs will do blood tests and pick up abnormalites particularly in Sodium (the Na+ ion). Sodium is the most common extracellular ion in the body. Water will 'follow' it - it goes to the place where the concentration of Sodium is the highest in order to balance it out. So an imbalance of Sodium will happen when a person drinks too much water (and is unable to get rid of it via the kidneys) and also when they take too much salt - normal functioning kidneys in this instance will retain water (in order to try and balance the sodium out). A person will also feel thirsty in this instance too.OCKHAM said:I was wrong about the lady, she did die from water intoxication and swelling of the brain maybe. The BBC news article listed at Wiki did make this statement though.
We now have another treatment and this one is for water. Also, Wiki said this in the link [1].Treatment for drinking excess water is "relatively straightforward", says Professor Forrest. It includes giving patients diuretics to help decrease their water load, or using drugs to reduce the swelling caused by excessive water.
Why do some people show no symptoms at all?The official name for this condition is hyponatremia. The symptoms generally mirror those of dehydration (apathy, confusion, nausea, and fatigue), although some individuals show no symptoms at all. If untreated, hyponatremia can lead to coma and even death.
Thats what happens when a 'system' become imbalanced and Drs are supposed to use tests to diagnose where the imbalance is occuring and do things to correct it - usually finding out what caused the problem in the first place. Often symptom control is the only thing they can do, and prevention of deterioration if the person has a disease. But, unfortunately we can also, often unwittingly unbalance our systems.OCKHAM said:It seems we’re being told without proper water intake you risk another disorder. There is a disorder around every corner.Note that overconsumption of sodium (in drinks or also in food), as well as inadequate intake of water, can cause hypernatremia, a disorder that is nearly the opposite of water intoxication and equally dangerous. Improper use of salt tablets can cause hypernatremia also.
Obesity pill increases suicidal thoughts
* 17:30 12 June 2007
* NewScientist.com news service
* New Scientist and Reuters
Patients taking an obesity pill in clinical trials were more likely to report suicidal thoughts or actions, US drug reviewers have said. A Food and Drug Administration advisory panel will consider on Wednesday whether regulators should approve US sales.
The FDA said the 20-milligram dose of the drug, Zimulti, produced clinically significant weight loss over one year.
With a low-calorie diet, the drug "was shown to reduce body weight by approximately 5% relative to diet alone during trials of more than 6000 moderately overweight and obese subjects", the FDA reviewers said.
Known generically as rimonabant, the drug is already sold in 18 countries under the name Acomplia.
Adverse events
The agency has delayed a final decision on rimonabant several times amid concerns about depression and a high drop-out rate in clinical trials. "We remain concerned about rimonabant's adverse event profile, specifically adverse psychiatric reactions," an FDA staff summary said.
Psychiatric problems "represent the most common and worrisome rimonabant-induced adverse events", the reviewers said. Depression was roughly twice as high for rimonabant patients compared with others who received a placebo, they said.
Sanofi-Aventis, which makes the drug, agreed that more rimonabant patients reported suicidal thoughts, but added that the drug's benefits "clearly outweigh the defined risks that are manageable in clinical practice". (Read the FDA and Sanofi summaries here: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/07/briefing/2007-4306b1-00-index.htm )
Food craving
Rimonabant works by blocking food craving signals in the brain. Sanofi developed the drug to target the brain receptors that trigger intense hunger after marijuana use.
The French drug maker has predicted that the drug could eventually generate sales of $3 billion a year or more. Sales for the first quarter of 2007 were about $20 million but approval for the US market would take that figure significantly higher.
The FDA will ask outside advisers to assess the risks of suicidal behaviour, other psychiatric problems, neurological problems and seizures, and whether the drug should be approved. The agency usually follows panel recommendations.
Industry experts said it was hard to predict what the panel would decide. Karl Heinz Koch, an analyst from investment bank Vontobel, noted that other weight-loss drugs – Roche AG's Xenical and Abbott Laboratories' Meridia – were approved even though higher rates of depression are noted on their labels.
In other words, if you consider the fact that you STILL have to DIET, (nothing changes about your metabolism), against the possible chemical disruption that is going on in your body, AND the price of the stuff, what's the point? Especially for a pitiful 5% advantage that you still will be suffering to get!Newscientist article said:With a low-calorie diet, the drug "was shown to reduce body weight by approximately 5% relative to diet alone during trials of more than 6000 moderately overweight and obese subjects", the FDA reviewers said.
As it happens, coffee also has potent opiate receptor binding activity.Celiac Disease (CD), an autoimmune disease that is considered the most common of the gluten disorders, is often overlooked as a diagnosis. CD patients often suffer from symptoms such as stomach complaints, depression and allergies. Many other autoimmune diseases are also associated with gluten intolerance including Type 1 Diabetes, Autoimmune Thyroid Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, as well as others.
Gluten intolerance is now being associated with Autistic Spectrum Disorders and Attention Deficit Disorders. The type of gluten intolerance associated with these conditions is considered to originate from the body's inability to break down the gluten and casein proteins rather than an autoimmune response, as in CD.
Researchers are also beginning to see a connection between gluten and other disorders, which seem to share characteristics such as biochemical, neurological, and immunological abnormalities. These "Overlapping Syndromes" are conditions such as Gulf War Syndrome, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and Fibromyalgia Syndrome, as well as others. Also, some psychological disorders such as depression and panic disorder as well as skin conditions such as psoriasis are suspected to have a gluten-related component.
Wheat
According to Dr. Loren Cordain, a renowned expert in Paleolithic nutrition, Paleolithic humans ate mostly fruits, vegetables and lean game meats. (1) The agriculture of cereal grains began in the Near East about 10,000 years ago and then spread to northern Europe about 5,000 years ago. "Because the estimated amount of genetic change which has occurred in the human genome over this time period is negligible, the genetic makeup of modern man has remained essentially unchanged from that of pre-agricultural man. Consequently, the human genome is most ideally adapted to those foods which were available to pre-agricultural man, namely lean muscle meats, limited fatty organ meats, and wild fruits and vegetables." (2)
In fact, the amount of cereal grains being consumed has increased tremendously in the last 200 years with the industrial revolution and more recently, with the technology revolution. With even more growth in the last 50 years, these changes have spurned more packaged and processed foods. We have also managed to greatly enhance the gluten content through genetic selection of wheat. "Today 50% of the protein in wheat is gluten, a characteristic that facilitates bread baking and adapts the grain well to cultivation and harvesting." [...]
Symptoms of CD vary from person to person which makes it very difficult to diagnose. Symptoms may include recurring abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea/constipation, weight loss, anemia, fatigue, delayed growth, joint pain, seizures, tingling/numbness in the legs. Others might suffer from psychological disturbances like irritability or depression; 50-60% of untreated CD patients are asymptomatic! (5)
CD is most commonly misdiagnosed with conditions such as; anemia, irritable bowel syndrome/disease, psychological stress, diarrhea, diabetes, spastic colon, ulcers, viral gastroenteritis, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, allergies, parasite infection, gall bladder disease, thyroid disease, colitis, and lactose intolerance. Dr. Vijay Kumar, a leading CD researcher, reports that the majority of CD patients had visited 5 or more doctors prior to diagnosis and that it had taken an average of 5 to 10 years, after initial presentation, for CD to be diagnosed.
Part of the problem is that doctors are taught in medical school that one in 5,000 have CD. The reality is more like 1 in 150 and it may be even higher. (6) Arecent report in JAMA, found that the prevalence of CD in 1200 screened children and adolescent patients ranged between 1 in 57 and 1 in 33. (7)
The only treatment available for CD is to remove all forms of gluten from the diet. Glutens are proteins that come from the Plant Kingdom Subclass of monocots and are members of the grass family of wheat, oats, barley, rye and triticale. There are many hidden sources of gluten in our foods. Some of these come in the form of: malt, grain starches, hydrolyzed vegetable/plant proteins, textured vegetable proteins, grain vinegars, soy sauce, brown rice syrup, dextrin, modified food starch, mono and di-glycerides, natural and artificial flavors, grain alcohol, and the binders and fillers sometimes found in vitamins and medications. Also, many people assume that if a product says "wheat free," that it is gluten-free, which is not the case. For example, Kamut and Spelt are wheat free grains but they contain gluten.
Cross contamination is another problem. Sometimes restaurants use the same cooking materials when preparing gluten and non-gluten containing food, which is then mixed into the meal. Or cultivation of the non-gluten containing grains is done in the same fields, factory or equipment as the gluten-containing grains and there is cross-contamination. If these sources are not removed, the intestine cannot heal, and the patient will not know the benefit of a gluten-free diet.
It should also be noted that MSG - monosodium glutamate - is in the "gluten" family.Summary We have previously demonstrated that opiate-like substances in food protein (exorphins), contained in the peptic digest of gluten, stimulate insulin and glucagon release in dogs and that this effect is inhibited by the opiate antagonist naloxone. The present study was designed to evaluate the possible rôle of ingested opiate-like substances in the modulation of post-prandial insulin release. Similarly, the addition of synthetic beta-casomorphins, which are the opioid-active material of bovine casein peptone, elicit a stimulation of post-prandial insulin release during a liver extract-sucrose test meal. The addition of met-enkephalin to a liver extract-sucrose test meal also augmented the post-prandial insulin response. Both stimulatory effects were reversed by oral naloxone, as was the post-prandial increase of insulin following ingestion of bovine casein peptone (casopeptone). The post-prandial insulin response to digested and undigested liver extract was not affected by naloxone, suggesting that the foregoing effects are likely to be specific to opiate-like materials contained in foodstuff (exorphins). In view of previous findings, the present data are compatible with a role of opiate-like substances contained in ingested nutrients in the regulation of post-prandial insulin secretion.