1700's

Elihu Yale was born near Boston, educated in London, and served with the British East India Company, eventually becoming governor of Fort Saint George, Madras, in 1687. He amassed a great fortune from trade and returned to England in 1699. Yale became known as a philanthropist; upon receiving a request from the Collegiate School in Connecticut, he sent a donation and a gift of books. After subsequent bequests, Cotton Mather suggested the school be named Yale College, in 1718.

A statue of Nathan Hale stands on Old Campus at Yale University. There is a copy of that statue in front of the CIA's headquarters in Langley, Virginia. Yet another stands in front of Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts (where George H.W. Bush ('48) went to prep school and joined a secret society at age twelve). Nathan Hale, along with three other Yale graduates, was a member of the "Culper Ring," one of America's first intelligence operations. Established by George Washington, it was successful throughout the Revolutionary War. Nathan was the only operative to be ferreted out by the British, and after speaking his famous regrets, he was hanged in 1776. Ever since the founding of the Republic, the relationship between Yale and the "Intelligence Community" has been unique.

1806

In Germany, the "scientific method" was being applied to all forms of human endeavor. Prussia, which blamed the defeat of its forces by Napoleon in 1806 on soldiers only thinking about themselves in the stress of battle, took the principles set forth by John Locke and Jean Rosseau and created a new educational system. Johan Fitche, in his "Address to the German People," declared that the children would be taken over by the State and told what to think and how to think it. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel took over Fitche's chair at the University Of Berlin in 1817, and was a professor there until his death in 1831. Hegel was the culmination of the German idealistic philosophy school of Immanuel Kant. To Hegel, our world is a world of reason. The state is Absolute Reason and the citizen can only become free by worship and obedience to the state. Hegel called the state the "march of God in the world" and the "final end". This final end, Hegel said, "has supreme right against the individual, whose supreme duty is to be a member of the state." Both fascism and communism have their philosophical roots in Hegellianism.

It may be observed that both the extreme right and the extreme left of the conventional political spectrum are absolutely collectivist. The national socialist (for example, the fascist) and the international socialist (for example, the Communist) both recommend totalitarian politico-economic systems based on naked, unfettered political power and individual coercion. Both systems require monopoly control of society. An alternative concept of political ideas and politico-economic systems would be that of ranking the degree of individual freedom versus the degree of centralized political control. Under such an ordering the corporate welfare state and socialism are at the same end of the spectrum. Hence we see that attempts at monopoly control of society can have different labels while owning common features. [Sutton, Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution]

The major barrier to understanding the events of the past two hundred years is the COINTELPRO debunking labels of "right vs. left," or red vs. black, communist vs. fascist, and so on. The erroneous idea that all capitalists are the bitter enemies of all Marxists and socialists originated with Karl Marx and was undoubtedly useful to his purposes. It is, in fact, nonsense.

There has been a continuing, albeit concealed, alliance between international political capitalists and international revolutionary socialists - to their mutual benefit. This alliance has gone unobserved largely because academic historians have an unconscious Marxian bias and are thus locked into the impossibility of any such alliance existing. There are two clues: monopoly capitalists are the bitter enemies of laissez-faire entrepreneurs; and, given the weaknesses of socialist central planning, the totalitarian socialist state is a perfect captive market for monopoly capitalists, if an alliance can be made with the socialist powerbrokers. Suppose - and it is only hypothesis at this point - that American monopoly capitalists were able to reduce a planned socialist Russia to the status of a captive technical colony? Would not this be the logical twentieth-century internationalist extension of the Morgan railroad monopolies and the Rockefeller petroleum trust of the late nineteenth century? [Sutton]

1823

Samuel Russell established Russell and Company for the purpose of acquiring opium in Turkey and smuggling it to China. Russell and Company merged with the Perkins (Boston) syndicate in 1830 and became the primary American opium smuggler. Many of the great American and European fortunes were built on the "China"(opium) trade. One of Russell and Company's Chief of Operations in Canton was Warren Delano, Jr., grandfather of Franklin Roosevelt. Other Russell partners included John Cleve Green (who financed Princeton), Abiel Low (who financed construction of Columbia), Joseph Coolidge and the Perkins, Sturgis and Forbes families. (Coolidge's son organized the United Fruit company, and his grandson, Archibald C. Coolidge, was a co-founder of the Council on Foreign Relations both of which will be itemized further on.)

1832

William Huntington Russell, Samuel's cousin, studied in Germany from 1831-32. Hegellian philosophy was very much in vogue during William Russell's time in Germany. When Russell returned to Yale in 1832, he formed a senior society with Alphonso Taft. According to information acquired from a break-in to the "tomb" (the Skull and Bones meeting hall) in 1876, "Bones is a chapter of a corps in a German University.... General Russell, its founder, was in Germany before his Senior Year and formed a warm friendship with a leading member of a German society. He brought back with him to college, authority to found a chapter here." So class valedictorian William H. Russell, along with fourteen others, became the founding members of "The Order of Scull and Bones," later changed to "The Order of Skull and Bones".

1860's and 70's

Abraham and Sarah Warburg had three children: Moritz, Siegmund and a daughter (unnamed in ref) who married Paul Schiff. Schiff was a director of Vienna's Creditanstalt Bank, which was controlled by Baron Albert Rothschild. The Schiff's and Rothschild families used to share the same house in Frankfurt. Siegmund developed close ties to Baron Lionell von Rothschild of the London family. While Moritz worked with Baron Alphonse Rothschild of Paris, Baron Leopold of London and Baron Albert of Vienna. Moritz had five sons that were later dubbed the Hamburger 5. Two of them, Felix and Paul moved to the U.S. Paul married the daughter of Mr. Soloman Loeb and Felix married the daughter of Jacob Schiff. Felix's daughter Carola married Walter N. Rothschild of Brooklyn.

Jacob Schiff was born on January 10, 1847, in Frankfurt- am-Main, Germany. The son of Moses and Clara (Niederhofheim) Schiff, he was a descendant of a distinguished rabbinical family that could trace its lineage back to 1370. He received a secular and religious education at the Israelitische Religionsgesellschaft. He came to America and went to work in a brokerage firm in New York and he later became a partner in Budae, Schiff and Company. He met and fell in love with Theresa Loeb, the daughter of Solomon Loeb, head of the banking firm, Kuhn, Loeb and Company. They were married on May 6, 1875, and he entered her father's firm. had come to the U.S. in the 1870's and with his connections to the Rothschilds of Vienna gave the financial connections necessary to make Kuhn and Loeb the 2nd largest investment bank in the U.S., just behind J.P. Morgan.

1889

Robert Sterling Clark, heir to the Singer Fortune, graduated from Yale University's Sheffield Scientific School with a degree in engineering. He then entered the United States Army, which sent him to Manila and also to China.

1893

Cleveland takes office and 2 months later the Panic of 1893 sweeps the country. He calls a special session of Congress to deal with the currency situation.

McKinley, aiming at the Republican nomination for the presidency, makes hundreds of speeches throughout the country in the congressional campaign. He comes to be known as "the advance agent of prosperity."

1897

William McKinley, after waging a "front porch" campaign, is the 25th president. The Republicans also win control of both houses of Congress. There will be unbroken Republican control of the presidency and both houses for 14 years. John Hay, one of the country's greatest diplomats, who had been private secretary to Lincoln, secretary of the legations at Paris, Vienna, and Madrid, and Hayes' assistant secretary of state, is McKinley's secretary of state.

Jacob Schiff attained considerable prestige in banking circles when he provided the financial backing that enabled railroad magnate Edward H. Harriman to purchase control of the bankrupt Union Pacific Railroad.

1898

After an explosion on the night of February 15th rips through the U.S. ship Maine, anchored in Havana Harbor, killing 267 officers and men, the newspapers of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst stir up anger in the U.S. and help to push it toward war with Spain. McKinley makes every effort to avoid war, but even his own assistant secretary of the navy, Theodore Roosevelt, wants war. He is forced to recommend it to Congress. On April 25th Congress declares war on Spain to the shouts of "Remember the Maine and Hell with Spain!" But the true cause of the explosion will remain a mystery.

Warren Harding is elected to the Ohio State Senate. His party loyalty and ability to get party agreement on programs will gain him popularity.

The Paris Peace Treaty of December 10th gives Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the U.S. and liberates Cuba. The new responsibilities will bring the U.S. into closer contact with the great powers of Europe and Asia.

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